Charles law Essay Example for Free

Charles law Essay Aim: To investigate how the charge on a capacitor is related to the p. d. applied across it by charging the capacitor at a constant rate. Apparatus: o Capacitor (electrolytic type) 500 ? F o Microammeter 100 ? A o Clip component holder o Stop-watch o CRO o Connecting leads Theory: From definition, the capacitor C of a capacitor is found from C = Q/V Where Q is the charge stored on the capacitor and V is the potential difference across it. == Q = CV ==. If a capacitor is charged up at a constant rate, i. e., where I is a constant. Then is also constant. Hence the potential difference across the capacitor increases linearly with time. Procedure 1. The circuit was connected as shown in the figure below. The CRO was set to d. c. and the sensitivity to 1 V/cm. 2. The time base was set to any high value so that a steady horizontal trace is displayed. The trace was shifted to the bottom of the screen. 3. The capacitor was shorted out by connecting a lead across it and adjust the 100 k ? potentiometer for a suitable current, say 80 ? A. 4. Shorting lead was removed and the capacitor will charge up. Note what happens to the microammeter reading and the CRO trace. 5. The procedure was repeated but this time start the stop-watch and continuously adjust the potentiometer to keep the current constant as the capacitor charges up. 6. The times was measured for the CRO trace to move up by 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, etc. These are the times for the p. d. across the capacitor to reach 1V, 2V, 3V, etc. 7. The results was tabulated. Results and discussion. 8 Describe what happens to the microammeter reading and the CRO trace as the capacitor is being charged up. The microammeter reading increase momentarily, then it decrease to zero in a few second. After the capacitor had been completely charged,the CRO trace is a horizontal line, which continuously move up. 9 Tabulate the times for the p. d. across the capacitor to reach 1 V, 2 V, 3 V, etc. as below: P. d. across capacitor Plot a graph of p. d. across the capacitor against time. How is the p. d. related to the time? p. d. is directly proportional to time. 11 Deduce a relationship between the charge on the capacitor and the p. d. across it. From the graph it is found that p. d. is directly proportional to time. Since Q=CV = V=Q/C Therefore if V across the capacitor is directly proportional to t, Q is directly proportional to time as current was constant. Conclusion We can find out that the p. d. across the capacitor is directly proportional to the time needed. Given that the charging current is constant. Sharing. The experiment is much easier than the last one , but we encountered some obstacles in connecting wires , as usual , we messed up positive and negative terminals and couldnt conduct it smoothly. At last, we had to call for help. Suggestion and there may be some personal error , for example counting the time taken for the capacitor be charged to extent value was rather inaccurate. Perhaps, we could conduct the experiment several times and compute out the average value. Reference list http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Capacitor http://www. elecsound. cn/Ceramic-Capacitor. htm.

Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Friend Yesterday, as Martin's friends poured into town, I was struck by how many distinct sets of friends he had. Family, skaters, punks, his Swampland posse, his boys and his girls, Professors, colleagues, Ann Arbor friends, Chicago friends, cyberspace friends who'd never met him "in the flesh"... Trying to walk down the street with him was an exercise in frustration, as Martin's fans flocked to him like the Pied Piper. He was so much, to so many. One of his greatest gifts to us is each other. I remember the first time I saw Marty 12 years ago. You couldn't miss him, of course. It was Computer Science 101, a lecture hall with hundreds of students. He would skate into class 20 minutes late, flip his skateboard up onto his desk, crack open a chocolate milk and begin to drink... 200 eyes on him. Martin would turn around and give us a little wave. The thing was, and it *clearly* pissed off the Professors, he routinely scored the highest marks in the class on every assignment. Immediately I said to myself, "I need to know this guy..." So I cornered him and announced, "You and I are going to be friends..." Martin looked me up and down and said, "Uh....No thanks..." And so it began. Martin, in those days especially, had an approach to people that was at best "challenging", & at worst confrontational. Those who didn't "get" Martin brushed him off as a clown, but to those who watched, and listened, it was clear there was something extremely profound going on. Martin had an uncanny ability to see into people, to look through you, to reflect your own insecurities and hangups back at you, until you had no choice left but to drop them... and dance with him. Martin called your bluff every time... Despite his best efforts to the contrary, eventually we did become friends. I simply refused to let him go, or to let him push me away... I knew in my core that if being Martin's friend required change, well then I'd change. He was worth it... Martin was a hacker in the true MIT tradition. As a teenager, and Marty didn't often brag about this, he reengineered some communication software into what became the de facto standard for software pirates around the world. In those days he was known by his handle, the "Redheaded Freak". Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Friend Yesterday, as Martin's friends poured into town, I was struck by how many distinct sets of friends he had. Family, skaters, punks, his Swampland posse, his boys and his girls, Professors, colleagues, Ann Arbor friends, Chicago friends, cyberspace friends who'd never met him "in the flesh"... Trying to walk down the street with him was an exercise in frustration, as Martin's fans flocked to him like the Pied Piper. He was so much, to so many. One of his greatest gifts to us is each other. I remember the first time I saw Marty 12 years ago. You couldn't miss him, of course. It was Computer Science 101, a lecture hall with hundreds of students. He would skate into class 20 minutes late, flip his skateboard up onto his desk, crack open a chocolate milk and begin to drink... 200 eyes on him. Martin would turn around and give us a little wave. The thing was, and it *clearly* pissed off the Professors, he routinely scored the highest marks in the class on every assignment. Immediately I said to myself, "I need to know this guy..." So I cornered him and announced, "You and I are going to be friends..." Martin looked me up and down and said, "Uh....No thanks..." And so it began. Martin, in those days especially, had an approach to people that was at best "challenging", & at worst confrontational. Those who didn't "get" Martin brushed him off as a clown, but to those who watched, and listened, it was clear there was something extremely profound going on. Martin had an uncanny ability to see into people, to look through you, to reflect your own insecurities and hangups back at you, until you had no choice left but to drop them... and dance with him. Martin called your bluff every time... Despite his best efforts to the contrary, eventually we did become friends. I simply refused to let him go, or to let him push me away... I knew in my core that if being Martin's friend required change, well then I'd change. He was worth it... Martin was a hacker in the true MIT tradition. As a teenager, and Marty didn't often brag about this, he reengineered some communication software into what became the de facto standard for software pirates around the world. In those days he was known by his handle, the "Redheaded Freak".

Automotive Industries in Thailand Essay

Contribution of MNC’s in automotive industry: Most of the developing countries consider that the automotive industry will move the country toward an intensive industrialisation by creating a large set of related businesses. Thailand aims to be regarded as the Detroit of Asia. The country has engaged in the last few decades in the development of the automotive industry, with a special focus on domestic auto-assembly. Thailand is the world’s second largest pick-up truck market after the U.S., and it is ASEAN’s largest automotive market and assembler. Today all leading Japanese car producers as well as BMW, Mercedes Benz, General Motors, Ford, Volvo, and Peugeot, assemble cars in Thailand along with their group of subcontractors and suppliers. Thailand has become the main production base for auto exports in South East Asia. Thailand is considered as one of the most attractive countries for automotive investments mainly due to factors such as the good and growing domestic market size, the relative political stability, liberal trade and investment policy, and the lack of a â€Å"national car program†. The automotive industry is Thailand’s third largest industry, employing an estimated total workforce of about 225,000 employees, and with a total production capacity of around 1,270,100 cars and trucks per year. Japanese-make automobiles have dominated the local auto market; with nearly 90% market share but other global vehicle manufacturers’ investments are growing consistently, creating a very dynamic industry. New global parts manufacturers are in the process of relocating some of their operations to Thailand. Thailand has 16 vehicle assemblers; most of them are large-scale foreign owned or joint venture enterprises. As well, there are more than 1100 small and medium sized companies working as suppliers of original equipment (OEM),  or producing replacement equipment (REM). The automotive industry in Thailand is very concentrated with most of the factories located in the Samut Prakarn province (approximately 20 km south of Bangkok), followed by Rayong (approximately 130 km south-east of Bangkok). The largest car producer is Toyota, and in 2003 it was the first manufacturer to establish a local R&D centre in Thailand. However, this type of initiative, a cooperative arrangement between MNCs and local universities, is so far not a widespread practice in Thailand. Therefore, there is a stringent need to understand the mechanisms allowing for knowledge transfer and sharing, if Thailand wants to position itself as a very competitive country, not only in the automotive industry but in other industrial sectors as well. Thailand benefits from these companies operations as almost 18% of labour and employment are generated by the automotive industry.

Types of Transducers Free Essay Example, 3000 words

3. Discussion The transducers displayed unique results with various input variables for each type of a transducer. 3.1. Results The general circuit diagram for the Reflective Opto Transducer. The transducers display certain characteristics in the transfer function following the data that was collected from the laboratory demonstration. The table below contains the data for displacement, amplitude of input voltage and output voltage. DISPLACEMENT (d) AMPLITUDE OF INPUT VOLTAGE (IV) AMPLITUDE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE (OV) Input Gradient (IV / d) Output Gradient (OV / d) 0 100 14.6448 #DIV / 0! #DIV / 0! 0.001 100 0.459 100000 459 0.002 100 0.2331 50000 116.55 0.003 100 0.1562 33333.33 52.06667 0.004 100 0.1175 25000 29.375 0.005 100 0.0941 20000 18.82 0.006 100 0.0785 16666.67 13.08333 0.007 100 0.0674 14285.71 9.628571 0.008 100 0.059 12500 7.375 0.009 100 0.0525 11111.11 5.833333 0.01 100 0.0472 10000 4.72 0.011 100 0.0429 9090.909 3.9 0.012 100 0.0394 8333.333 3.283333 0.013 100 0.0364 7692.308 2.8 0.014 100 0.0338 7142.857 2.414286 0.015 100 0.0315 6666.667 2.1 0.016 100 0.0295 6250 1.84375 0.017 100 0.0278 5882.353 1.635294 0.018 100 0.0263 5555.556 1.461111 0.019 100 0.0249 5263.158 1.310526 0.02 100 0.0236 5000 1.18 17988.7 36.91901 Table 1: Input voltage and output voltage for the reflective opto transducer Figure 9: Amplitude of Voltage against Displacement Results for Inductive Transducer Displacement (d) Output Volt (V) Gradient (V / d) 0.00 0.097 #DIV/0! 0.005 0.08 16 0.010 0.06 6 0.015 0.042 2.8 0.020 0.03 1.5 0.025 0.025 1 Average Gradient 5.46 Table 2: Results for Inductive Transducers The following graph represents the results for inductive transducer. Figure 10: Output and input for Inductive Transducer Results for Strain Gauge Transducer: The process: The experiment was carried out by increasing the load on the beam and recording the voltage applied on the bridge. The next step was to prepare a table of the load, the bridge voltage and the theoretical stain. The table appeared as shown below: APPLIED LOAD (g) = L THEORETICAL STAIN (MS) = S BRIDGE VOLTAGE (mV) = V Theoretical Stain Gradient (S / L) Bridge Voltage Gradient (V / L) 0 0 0.1 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 100 0.36 0.5 0.004 0.005 200 0.72 0.8 0.004 0.004 300 109 1.2 0.363 0.004 400 146 1.6 0.365 0.004 500 182 2 0.364 0.004 600 219 2.4 0.365 0.004 700 256 2.8 0.366 0.004 800 294 3.2 0.368 0.004 900 332 3.5 0.369 0.0039 1000 369 3.9 0.369 0.0039 0.294 0.00408 Table 3: Results for Strain Gauge Transducer Figure 11: The results or Strain Gauge Transducer The table below shows the data for bridge voltage against the theoretical stain. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Transducers or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now